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Fast Shut Down Windows XP 1. Go to Start and click on run 2. In the blank Field type Regedit hit the enter button 3. Now expand HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE 4. Expand SYSTEM 5. Expand ControlSet003 6. Now click on Control DO NOT EXPAND 7. On the right side click on WaitToKillServiceTimeout 8. Has default it should be set to 20000 (this means that it would Shutdown in around 20 seconds) 9. Set it to 5000 (This should cut down your shutdown time) Windows Vista 1. Go to Start and type Regedit and hit the enter button 2. A Windows needs your Permission to continue should prompt up 3. Click continue Registry Editor should come up 4. Now expand HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE 5. Expand SYSTEM 6. Expand ControlSet003 7. Now click on Control DO NOT EXPAND 8. On the right side click on WaitToKillServiceTimeout 9. Has default it should be set to 20000 (this means that it would Shutdown in around 20 seconds) 10. Set it to 5000 (This should cut down your shutdown time) Change Drive Name Through Batch File 1. Login to th

Differentiate between Analog and Digital Computer with suitable examples The difference between Analog and Digital computers are as follow: Analog Computer (1) Information is represented by the magnitude of continuously varying signals (2) They are not accurate as digital computers. (3) Things done in analog computer can be done in digital computer. (4) Analog computer is used for scientific research only and it is rarely used. (5) It needs much mathematical background to use and understand (6) Plesely, Speedometer, thermometer, seismograph etc Digital Computer Information is represented by electronic pulses( "On" or "Off") They are very much accurate Things done in digital computer cannot be done in analog computer Digital computer is widely used even for general purpose There is no need of much mathematical background to use and understand Calculater, video games etc.

Explain about the generation of Programming Language Ans: According to the development and modification in programming language, the generation of programming language can be described as : (i) Machine language: The history of programming language starts with machine language. The only command that computer can understand is the machine code or '0' and '1'. Machine language consists of bits of 0s and 1s that electrically set the switches, where 0 represents off (or low) and 1 represents on (high voltage). Initially the program used to be written using this language. (ii) Assembly language: A programming language developed to replace machine code o and 1 is known as assembly language. It consists of many symbols and abbreviation. The program written using this language is converted into machine code by Assembler. The drawback of this language is that the program written for one computer does not work in another computer and it was a tough job for the programmer to rememb

#) What do you mean by generation of computers? What technology characterizes the 2nd and 3rd generation of computers? How the limitations of 2nd generation computer were addressed by the 3rd generation? Ans: Evolution of computer is divided into five phases (generation) under the development and improvement in different factors is known as generation. and some of the important factors are: Speed , Storage capacity, Reliability, Cost reduction SECOND GENERATION 1959-1964 Used transistors (invented-1947, used in computer-1959, electronic switching device) Transistor=transfer + resistor( Bell Lab-> John Burdeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley-> Nobel prize 1956 Speed (micro seconds) High level language i.e. COBOL, BASIC Magnetic core memory (as internal storage) Magnetic tapes for secondary storage Input & output devices faster IBM 1400, 400 series, NCR 315, Smaller (How?), cheaper, more reliable Specialized (scientific, non-scientific) THIRD GENERATION 1965-1974 IC( by J

What is System software? Describe the function of it. It is Interface between hardware and Application Software (or User). CPU coordinates with other parts in computer System due to system Software. And the jobs of it are: To load itself in the memory (RAM) and it is called booting. To load User program in the memory To load Data through keyboard to RAM To Interpret the program instructions one at a time To display output (gives instruction to display) on the screen (printer too) To read /write data from/into storage device. To control hardware (activate when needed) To act as a manager To check input/output devices available

#) What is software? Ans: Software is abstract machinery that instructs the computer hardware to perform the activities. It provides an interface or link between computer hardware and user. Software can be treated as soul of computer Software is a module or series of instructions integrated together. A single job assigned by the user can be broken down into .many software instructions. It is a thinking technology. Success of Hardware depends upon the power and capabilities of its supporting software. Types · System software · Application software · Utility software

What are the different stages of software development? Explain with examples why a program development requires systematic methods. What are the initial steps of program design? Why should user be involved throughout the system development life cycle? Can you think of some specific examples of what might happen if the users are not involved? Ans: A set of elements work together for a common goal is known as system i.e. education system, Police Security System, Banking System etc. Raw data is originated, processed / transmitted and received as information and the integration of it is known as information system. To manage the existing information system by using computer is Computerized Information System(CIS). To manage Information System(MIS) we must know the structure of an organization. The structure of an organization can be leveled top to bottom as STRATEGIC --->TACTICAL ---> OPERATIONAL ---> TRANSACTION. And the data/information flow is more structured in lower level of

#) Explain about programming languages. Programming Languages Ans: A programming language is one which a computer programmer uses to express solution to a given problem so that it can be understood by a computer. There are many similarities between programming languages and speaking (natural) languages. Just as there are many speaking languages, like English, French, Nepali, so too there are many programming languages, like FORTRAN, Pascal, COBOL, Basic, PL/1 and C. Each programming language has its own grammatical (.syntax) rules which must be obeyed in order to write valid programs, just as a natural language has its own rules for forming sentences. And just as we can assign a meaning to an English sentence, say, each valid statement in a programming language has a specific meaning. Let us suppose that we have written a program in the programming language C or QBASIC. We might think that the computer can understand and execute the statements, which make up the program C or QBASIC. Ho

# Draw a block diagram of digital computer and describe each component in brief. Ans: Computer system is an integrated work of Input unit, Processing unit and Output unit. Raw data given by input unit is processed by Central processing unit and the required out(information) is provided by output unit. The components of computer system are as: Computer system · Input unit: An input unit takes the input and converts it into binary form so that the computer can understand it. It is formed by input devices e. g keyboard, mouse, light- pen. · Central Processing Unit : The brain of computer to execute programs and control the operation of other unitsComponents of CPU § MU(Register): It is primary storage and temporarily stores incoming data, intermediate data and final result of processing. It also stores instructions for a job § ALU: ALU performs mathematical calculation(+, -, X, / ), logical ( <, >, =, <=, >=, <>) operations. The result of logical operation is TRUE or Fal

Explain about assembler and interpreter Ans: Compiler: A program that translates source code into object code is known as compiler. It reads entire codes and converts into machine code, if it finds no mistake in the program. It also makes "exe" file so that the "exe" file executes without source code and its language program. Compiling is done at the end of program development Interpreter: An interpreter translates high-level instructions into an intermediate form one statement at a time which it then executes. Every time program is executed, the interpreter interprets the code to machine. It is required to test the code at the stages of software development so it guides user.

Explain about computer memory Ans:Memory is a predefined working place, where data and information are kept for processing and it is cleared after the job is accomplished or as switched off. A bit is an elementary unit of the memory. It is also known as primary or main memory and the data is dump for future reference to secondary memory i.e. hard disk. We need primary memory for · Loading operating system · Any program (application software) has to be loaded into RAM (Primary Memory) for execution · Data and information is saved into RAM until it is finally saved into permanent memory. ROM · Semiconductor chip · Non-volatile · Set by manufacturers · Contain micro programs or control instructions · Responsible for starting computer · Cannot be changed or written program · Permanently attached to board · PROM (User can reduce lengthy program to micro) · EPROM (can be erased & reprogrammed)

write the header file by yourself AP in C to display the information of a person #include #include #include void main() { int ward_num=6; // 2 bytes 32767 to -32768 char sex='f'; // 1 byte single character 'f' or 'm' char name[30]="Laxmi Prasad Devkota"; // string or array of string float phone=4781698; // 4 bytes containing decimal/exponent double num_of_cell_in_body=9999999999999999999999999999; //8 bytes // the basic data types are int,char,float,double // besides, the data type qualifers are short, long, signed // and unsigned // for example short int, long int, unsigned in clrscr(); printf("\nname:=%s:",name); printf("\nphone=%.0f",phone); printf("\nsex=%c",sex); printf("\nbody cell=%f",num_of_cell_in_body); printf("\nWard=%d",ward_num); getch(); } #include #include void main() { int first,second,lcm; /*finding L.C.M.*/ clrscr(); printf("Enter first number:"); scanf("%d",&f

Yarshagumba: the caterpillar fungus Nicknamed the "Himalayan Viagra", yarshagumba (Cordyceps sinensis) is a rare species of parasitic fungus from the highlands of Nepal, Tibet and Bhutan. Yarshagumba Cordyceps sinensis: (Yarshagumba) Yarshagumba Venacular name: Yarsagumba, Jibanbuti Family: Clavicipitaceae Distribution: Sub-alpine to alpine region of Nepal Habitat: Meadows Yarsagumba with its Latin name cordyceps sinesis literally means summer plant and winter insect in Tibetan. Before the rainy season begins, spores of the cordyceps mushroom settle on the heads of caterpillars’ that lives underground. The fungus gets so much into the body of the caterpillars’ that it grows out through its head and drains all the energy from the insect and ultimately it dies. Yarsagumba, Yarshagumba or Yarchagumba is a rare and unique herb that grows in the meadows above 3,500 meters (11,483 feet) in the Himalayan region of Nepal. There are various types of famous medicinal plants found in Ne