STABILITY OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM

STABILITY OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM

Government solution for bank run and banking panics

·         Regulation and supervision

• Certain standard is given


• Supervision of compliance to those standards


• If not complied, enforcement actions are taken


• New standards can be set as per the situation

·         Lender of the last resort

• Private initiatives:


• Problem of liquidity, credibility and moral hazard


• Since government can create unlimited money, liquidity and credibility is not a problem for government


• Government create institutions which provide the banking system with the liquidity it needs in crises is the lender of last resorts


• Central bank as lender of last resort


• What should lender of the last resort do?


• Should lend only against good collateral (see book)


• Should accept all good as collateral


• Should charge penalty rate of interest on loans


• Policies should be made known to public

·         Discount window

• Borrowing from the central bank is borrowing from the discount window


• Rate charged is known as discount rate


• Discount rate is set by the central bank


• Guidelines for maximum borrowing


• Adjusted credit: for few days, available for banks facing difficulty  to meet reserve requirement


• Extended credit: for longer period to small institutions having poor access to money market

·         Government guarantee

• Government institutions providing government guarantee such as;


• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): insures deposits at bank


• Bank Insurance Fund: section of FDIC that ensures deposits at commercial bank and saving bank


• Saving Association Insurance Fund: section of the FDIC that insures deposits at savings and loans


• National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund: Federal agency that insures deposits (shares) at credit unions


• Federal Saving and Loan Insurance Corporation: Federal agency that insured deposits at savings and loans

Private solution for bank run and banking panics

·         Clearing house association

• Self regulation


• Mutual aid and provision for liquidity


• Arrange other members to lend reserves to banks under pressure


• Loan certificates: certificates issued by clearing house association to be used in settling inter-bank payment


• Suspension of convertibility


• Temporary refusal of banks to convert deposits into cash on demand


• Partial suspension of convertibility


• Restricted to a certain amount per day

·         Private Guarantees

• For example: state deposit insurance system

Banks make contributions → that would be used if a member bank failed

• Problems: guarantee backed by limited reserves thus lacks credibility and problem of moral hazard

Factors affecting stability

·         Fragmentation and interdependence

• Fragmentation:


• Small size institutions → weak because, pooling is less effective and liquidity is poor


• Fragmentation → increased interdependence (inter-bank connection: deposits of one bank held at other)

↓

spread problems from one another

·         Connection between banks and securities markets:

Call loan market is formed → in banking panic bank can call market dealers for repayment of loan

↓

dealers are forced to sell their securities

↓

market price of securities decreases

↓

value of securities collapse gradually

↓

    market crash

·         Institutional investors

Financially sound and have analytical capability → their reaction has greater impact → selling of securities

↓

                                                                                                    market crash

·         Globalization:

Increased amount of international inter-bank deposits → withdrawal of foreign deposits → increase instability

↓

                                                                                                    market crash

·         Methods of managing liquidity

• Internal method:


• Rearrangement of balance sheet to provide protection


• In terms of liquidity: asset management holding cash and secondary reserve


• In terms of risk:


• matching maturity and currency denomination of assets and liabilities


• diversifying


• holding substantial equity capital


• External method:


• Liquidity and risk management relying on the resources outside the institution


• In terms of liquidity: liability management borrowing cash from other


• In terms of risk: rather than reducing its own risk, pays to others to bear risk


• In case of external method → liquidity spread and risk spread → when pooling breakdown → market failure

Short notes about Radio-Spectrum Management

Radio-Spectrum Management

The radio spectrum is a key resource for many new and developing
technology-based industries. At the same time, it is a vital input into the
delivery of many public services. The management and development of the
spectrum will therefore play an important role in creating a knowledge-driven
economy and society. To help ensure that the spectrum management
framework is at the forefront of change, the Chancellor of the Exchequer and
Secretary of State for Trade and Industry commissioned Professor Martin Cave1
in March 2001 to lead an independent review of radio spectrum
management.

The use of radio spectrum has become an integral part of society’s
infrastructure. For decades, viewers have taken for granted the reception of
clear TV signals, travellers have relied upon assured communications and
radio-location for aircraft, and all citizens have benefited from radio
connectivity for the public safety services. More recently, the phenomenal
growth in personal mobile communications has turned wireless access via
mobile phones from a luxury to a necessity for many people.

This value to individuals, businesses and the public sector of access to radio
spectrum is becoming increasingly recognised. Radio makes a substantial and
increasing contribution to the economy. Recent studies by the
Radiocommunications Agency show that even for selected sectors of the
economy3, the value of radio to the economy as a whole exceeds £20 billion
per annum4, over two per cent of UK output. Success in managing access to
radio spectrum should thus boost the performance of the UK economy.

Looking forward, spectrum is an essential raw material for many of the UK’s
most promising industries of the future. Wherever consumers demand mobile
and ubiquitous access to communications, wireless products using radio
signals will provide the solution. Radio is a uniquely versatile communications
medium, essential to connecting up the information society. New products
and services typically complement rather than replace existing ones, so adding
to the demands on the radio spectrum. Furthermore, the boundaries between
new services are blurring, transcending current business models, reducing the
predictability of spectrum use, and challenging current regulatory
categorisations.
8. So spectrum management is becoming simultaneously more difficult and
more important. But the UK is well placed to respond to this regulatory
challenge. The Radiocommunications Agency has a well-deserved reputation
as one of the most forward-looking and progressive spectrum managers in
the world, having enabled the development of flourishing wireless services in
one of the world’s most congested radio environments. In recent years, it has
garnered valuable experience of the new market-based tools introduced under
the Wireless Telegraphy 1998. The Communications Bill and prospective
unified regulator provide a further opportunity to refine the regulatory
‘toolbox’ and make cross-sectoral regulation more effective.
9. The review’s purpose at this juncture is to look forward to the principles which
should guide the Government and Ofcom in managing access to the radio
spectrum in the years ahead, in order to derive most value from this national
asset for the UK as a whole. The review aims to build on the UK’s experience
to date, which reflects a strong central regulatory approach to mandating
spectrum use for particular purposes, and co-ordinating users to minimise
2
3 Principally mobile telephony, broadcasting, satellite, fixed links, private mobile radio, but excluding commercial aviation,
defence and consumer benefits of some low power devices.
4 The Economic Impact of Radio, A Study by the Radiocommunications Agency, February 2001.
harmful interference. But market mechanisms should play a much broader
role in allocating and assigning spectrum to its best use, building on
regulatory foundations which are essential for any market to work efficiently.

Spectrum management objectives
Economic efficiency
• Market allocation of spectrum to users, and to uses, that derive higher value
from the resource.
• Provide for responsiveness and flexibility to changes in markets and technologies,
accommodating new services as these become technically and commercially
feasible.
• Transactions costs, entry barriers and other constraints on a competitive efficient
market should be minimised.
Technical efficiency
• Intensive use of scarce spectrum consistent with adherence to technical
interference limits.
• Promote development and introduction of new spectrum-saving technologies
where the cost of such technologies is justified by the value of the spectrum
saved.
Public policy
• Consistent with Government policy towards broadcasting, competition in the
telecoms market, and consumer choice.
• Safeguard interests of spectrum use for efficient functioning of defence,
emergency and other public services.
• Changes to UK spectrum use should remain consistent with the UK’s
international and European obligations.

Short notes about WIFI

WiFi:
The term "Wi-Fi" suggests "Wireless Fidelity", comparing with the long-established audio recording term "High Fidelity" or "Hi-Fi", and "Wireless Fidelity" has often been used in an informal way, even by the Wi-Fi Alliance itself, but officially the term does not mean anything.
"Wi-Fi" was coined by a brand consulting firm called Interbrand Corporation that had been hired by the Alliance to determine a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence' Interbrand invented "Wi-Fi" as simply a play-on-words with "Hi-Fi", as well as creating the yin yang style Wi-Fi logo.
The Wi-Fi Alliance initially complicated matters by stating that it actually stood for "Wireless Fidelity", as with the advertising slogan "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity", but later removed the phrase from their marketing. The Wi-Fi Alliance's early White Papers still held in their knowledge base: "… a promising market for wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) network equipment." and "A Short History of WLANs." The yin yang logo indicates that a product had been certified for interoperability.
The Alliance has since downplayed the connection to "Hi-Fi". Their official position is that it is merely a brand name that stands for nothing in particular, and they now discourage the use of the term "Wireless Fidelity".
WiFi is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used in home networks, mobile phones, video games and more. In particular, it covers the various IEEE 802.11 technologies (including 802.11n, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11a).
WiFi technologies are supported by nearly every modern personal computer operating system and most advanced game consoles, printers, and other peripherals.
Purpose
The purpose of Wi-Fi is to hide complexity by enabling wireless access to applications and data, media and streams. The main aims of Wi-Fi are the following:
• make access to information easier
• ensure compatibility and co-existence of devices
• eliminate cabling and wiring
• eliminate switches, adapters, plugs, pins and connectors.
Uses
A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a PC, game console, mobile phone, MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points — called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points. Wi-Fi technology has served to set up mesh networks, for example, in London.[1] Both architectures can operate in community networks.
In addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can make access publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of charge or to subscribers to various providers. Organizations and businesses such as airports, hotels and restaurants often provide free hotspots to attract or assist clients. Enthusiasts or authorities who wish to provide services or even to promote business in a given area sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access. Metropolitan-wide Wi-Fi (Muni-Fi) already has more than 300 projects in process.[2] There were 879 Wi-Fi based Wireless Internet service providers in the Czech Republic as of May 2008.[3][4]
Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc network) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other. This connectivity mode can prove useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications.
When wireless networking technology first entered the market many problems ensued for consumers who could not rely on products from different vendors working together. The Wi-Fi Alliance began as a community to solve this issue — aiming to address the needs of the end-user and to allow the technology to mature. The Alliance created the branding Wi-Fi CERTIFIED to reassure consumers that products will interoperate with other products displaying the same branding.
Many consumer devices use Wi-Fi. Amongst others, personal computers can network to each other and connect to the Internet, mobile computers can connect to the Internet from any Wi-Fi hotspot, and digital cameras can transfer images wirelessly.
Routers which incorporate a DSL-modem or a cable-modem and a Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and other premises, provide Internet-access and internetworking to all devices connected (wirelessly or by cable) to them. One can also connect Wi-Fi devices in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections without a router.
As of 2007 Wi-Fi technology had spread widely within business and industrial sites. In business environments, just like other environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access-points provides redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice-applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward "thin" access-points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access-points to the role of mere "dumb" radios. Outdoor applications may utilize true mesh topologies. As of 2007 Wi-Fi installations can provide a secure computer networking gateway, firewall, DHCP server, intrusion detection system, and other functions
Standard devices

A wireless access point connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN. An access point is similar to a network hub, relaying data between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices.
Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI, USB, ExpressCard, Cardbus and PC card. Most newer laptop computers are equipped with internal adapters. Internal cards are generally more difficult to install.
Wireless routers integrate a WAP, ethernet switch, and internal Router firmware application that provides IP Routing, NAT, and DNS forwarding through an integrated WAN interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single WAN device such as cable modem or DSL modem. A wireless router allows all three devices (mainly the access point and router) to be configured through one central utility. This utility is most usually an integrated web server which serves web pages to wired and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This utility may also be an application that is run on a desktop computer such as Apple's AirPort.
Wireless network bridges connect a wired network to a wireless network. This is different from an access point in the sense that an access point connects wireless devices to a wired network at the data-link layer. Two wireless bridges may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate homes.
Wireless range extenders or wireless repeaters can extend the range of an existing wireless network. Range extenders can be strategically placed to elongate a signal area or allow for the signal area to reach around barriers such as those created in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices connected through repeaters will suffer from an increased latency for each hop. Additionally, a wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain will have a throughput that is limited by the weakest link between the two nodes in the chain from which the connection originates to where the connection ends.

How do you define Layering in computer programming?

Layering

1) In computer programming, layering is the organization of programming into separate functional components that interact in some sequential and hierarchical way, with each layer usually having an interface only to the layer above it and the layer below it.
Communication programs are often layered. The reference model for communication programs, Open System Interconnection (OSI), is a layered set of protocols in which programming at both ends of a communications exchange uses an identical set of layers. In the OSI model, there are seven layers, each reflecting a different function that has to be performed in order for program-to-program communication to take place between computers.
TCP/IP is an example of a two-layer (TCP and IP) set of programs that provide transport and network address functions for Internet communication. A set of TCP/IP and other layered programs is sometimes referred to as a protocol stack.
2) In Photoshop and many other graphic applications, a layer is a component in a complex image that consists of multiple layers. Imagine a set of transparencies stacked on top of each other. Now imagine that each transparency contains part of a single image. One transparency might have the background. One transparency might have text. Another transparency might display the company logo. You can view each transparency by itself, or you can stack the transparencies on top of one another and view the stack as one image by projecting the stack on the overhead projector. It is the same with layers in a graphics application. You can work with or view each layer by itself, or you can combine them (it's called flattening) and view the "stack" of layers as one image. Layers are useful because they allow you to move and manipulate parts of an image to see how your changes affect the whole.

What do you mean by Payment gateway?

Payment gateway
A payment gateway is an e-commerce application service provider service that authorizes payments for e-businesses, online retailers, bricks and clicks, or traditional brick and mortar. It is the equivalent of a physical point of sale terminal located in most retail outlets. Payment gateways encrypt sensitive information, such as credit card numbers, to ensure that information passes securely between the customer and the merchant.
How payment gateways work
A payment gateway facilitates the transfer of information between a payment portal (such as a website or IVR service) and the Front End Processor or acquiring bank.
When a customer orders a product from a payment gateway enabled merchant, the payment gateway performs a variety of tasks to process the transaction:
• A customer places order on website by pressing the 'Submit Order' or equivalent button, or perhaps enters their card details using an automatic phone answering service.
• If the order is via a website, the customer's web browser encrypts the information to be sent between the browser and the merchant's web server. This is done via SSL (Secure Socket Layer) encryption.
• The merchant then forwards the transaction details to their payment gateway. This is another SSL encrypted connection to the payment server hosted by the payment gateway.
• The payment gateway forwards the transaction information to the processor used by the merchant's acquiring bank.
• The processor forwards the transaction information to the card association (i.e., Visa/MasterCard)
• If an American Express or Discover Card was used, then the processor acts as the acquiring bank and directly provides a response of approved or declined to the payment gateway.
• The card association routes the transaction to the correct card issuing bank.
• The credit card issuing bank receives the authorization request and sends a response back to the processor (via the same process as the request for authorization) with a response code. In addition to determining the fate of the payment, (i.e. approved or declined) the response code is used to define the reason why the transaction failed (such as insufficient funds, or bank link not available)
• The processor forwards the response to the payment gateway.
• The payment gateway receives the response, and forwards it on to the website (or whatever interface was used to process the payment) where it is interpreted and a relevant response then relayed back to the cardholder and the merchant.
• The entire process typically takes 2-3 seconds
• The merchant must then ship the product prior to being allowed to request to settle the transaction.
• The merchant submits all their approved authorizations, in a "batch", to their acquiring bank for settlement.
• The acquiring bank deposits the total of the approved funds in to the merchant's nominated account. This could be an account with the acquiring bank if the merchant does their banking with the same bank, or an account with another bank.
• The entire process from authorization to settlement to funding typically takes 3 days.
Many payment gateways also provide tools to automatically screen orders for fraud and calculate tax in real time prior to the authorization request being sent to the processor. Tools to detect fraud include geo-location, velocity pattern analysis, delivery address verification, computer finger printing technology, identity morphing detection, and basic AVS checks.

Angels Investor

Angels:

Venture capital is a fund raising technique for companies who are willing to exchange equity in their company in return for money to grow or expand their business. It can be raised for all types of business, both technology and non-technology businesses. Venture Capital also invests across stages – from the early stage seed venture, to later stage mezzanine financing.

Venture capital firms usually require a high rate of return on their investment (20%+ per annum) and finance provided to the business is typically in the range of $500,000 to many millions of dollars.

An angel investor generally wants less control of your company and a slower return on investment; however the criteria for investment are likely to be similar. Angel investor groups are great sources of private capital and frequently invest angel money into new companies.

It follows that both venture capitalists and angel investors are looking for capital growth and revenue increases and evidence that your business can deliver continued growth over time, to provide a return on investment.

The current venture capital market is rebounding nicely, from the past setbacks of the “dot com bubble”. Venture capital remains a viable source of funding for startups, which are able to deliver the necessary growth that investors are looking for. Past events should certainly not discourage entrepreneurs who have genuine winning ideas and business plans from looking for funds.

Angel investors are individuals who invest in businesses looking for a higher return than they would see from more traditional investments. Many are successful entrepreneurs who want to help other entrepreneurs get their business off the ground. Usually they are the bridge from the self-funded stage of the business to the point that the business needs the level of funding that a venture capitalist would offer. Funding estimates vary, but usually range from $150,000 to $1.5 million.
The term "angel" comes from the practice in the early 1900's of wealthy businessmen investing in Broadway productions. Today "angels" typically offer expertise, experience and contacts in addition to money. Less is known about angel investing than venture capital because of the individuality and privacy of the investments, but the Small Business Administration estimates that there are at least 250,000 angels active in the country, funding about 30,000 small companies a year. The total investment from angels has been estimated at anywhere from $20 billion to $50 billion as compared to the $3 to $5 billion per year that the formal venture capital community invests. In fact, the potential pool of angel investors is substantially larger. There are about two million people in the United States with the discretionary net worth to make angel investments.
The Center for Venture Research at the University of New Hampshire which does research on angel investments has developed the following profile of angel investors:
• The "average" private investor is 47 years old with an annual income of $90,000, a net worth of $750,000, is college educated, has been self employed and invests $37,000 per venture.
• Most angels invest close to home and rarely put in more than a few hundred thousand dollars.
• Informal investment appears to be the largest source of external equity capital for small businesses. Nine out of 10 investments are devoted to small, mostly start-up firms with fewer than 20 employees.
• Nine out of 10 investors provide personal loans or loan guarantees to the firms they invest in. On average, this increases the available capital by 57%.
• Informal investors are older, have higher incomes, and are better educated than the average citizen, yet they are not often millionaires. They are a diverse group, displaying a wide range of personal characteristics and investment behavior.
• Seven out of 10 investments are made within 50 miles of the investor's home or office.
• Investors expect an average 26% annual return at the time they invest, and they believe that about one-third of their investments are likely to result in a substantial capital loss.
• Investors accept an average of 3 deals for every 10 considered. The most common reasons given for rejecting a deal are insufficient growth potential, overpriced equity, lack of sufficient talent of the management, or lack of information about the entrepreneur or key personnel.
• There appears to be no shortage of informal capital funds. Investors included in the study would have invested almost 35% more than they did if acceptable opportunities had been available.
For the business seeking funding, the right angel investor can be the perfect first step in formal funding. It usually takes less time to meet with an angel and to receive funds, due diligence is less involved and angels usually expect a lower rate of return than a venture capitalist. The downside is finding the right balance of expert help without the angel totally taking charge of the business. Structuring the relationship carefully is an important step in the process.
What Does an Angel Investor Expect?
There are almost as many answers to what angels expect as there are angels. Each has their own criteria and foibles (weaknesses) because they are individuals. Almost all want a board position and possibly a consulting role. All want good communication although for some that means quarterly reports, while for others that means weekly updates. Return objectives range from a projected internal rate of return of 30% over five years to sales projections of $20 million in the first five years to the potential return of five times investment in the first five years. Most are looking for anything from a five to 25 percent stake in the business. Some want securities - either common stock or preferred stock with certain rights and liquidation preferences over common stock. Some even ask for convertible debt, or redeemable preferred stock, which provides a clearer exit strategy for the investor, but also places the company at the risk of repaying the investment plus interest. Additionally, the repayment may imperil future financing since those sources will not likely want to use their investment to bail out prior investors.
Some angels ask for the right of first refusal to participate in the next round of financing. While this sounds eminently reasonable, some venture capitalists will want their own players only or certain investment minimums so this strategy may limit who future participants might be.
Future representation of the board of directors also needs to be clarified. When a new round of financing occurs, do they lose their board right? Or should that could be based on a percentage ownership - when their ownership level drops below a certain level, they no longer have board representation.
In order to protect their investment, angels often ask the business to agree to not take certain actions without the angel investors' approval. These include selling all or substantially all of the company's assets, issuing additional stock to existing management, selling stock below prices paid by the investors or creating classes of stock with liquidation preferences or other rights senior to the angel's class of security. Angels also ask for price protection that is anti-dilution provisions that will result in their receiving more stock should the business issue stock at a lower price than that paid by the angels.
To prepare to solicit an angel, several critical factors will aid in making the approach successful. First, assemble an advisory board that includes a securities accountant and an attorney. Two important functions of the board are to recommend angels to contact and to work with the management team to develop a business plan to present to the angel. The business plan itself should define the reason for financing, how the capital will be spent and the timetable for going public or seeking venture capital funding. It should include: an executive summary (description of the business, opportunity and strategy, target market, projections and competitive advantages); the industry, the company and its products and services (including entry and growth strategies); market research and analysis (customers, market size and trends, competition, estimated market share and sales); the economics of the business (including gross and operating margins and break-even analysis); marketing plan (overall strategy, pricing, advertising, promotion, and distribution); design and development plans (product/service improvement and new products/services); manufacturing and operations plans (geographic location, facilities and capacity improvements); management team (organization overview, biographies and compensation plans for key employees); financial plan (tax returns, profit and loss forecasts, pro forma cash flow analysis and balance sheets, 5-year projections); and proposed company offering (desired financing, securities offering, capitalization, timetable).
Most of all, take your time in forming a relationship with an angel. You are going to be spending a number of years together at a critical time in your business' life. Take the time to assure yourself that this is a person who you are comfortable with through both the ups and downs the future will bring

Questions important for exam of Internet and intranet Examination

Ques1 What is internet? Discuss circuit switching & packet switching.
Ques2 Compare and contrast OSI and TCP/IP.
Ques3 Discuss RFCs.

Chapter 2

Ques1 what is the function of application layer? Discuss Socket Programming.
Ques2 what is HTTP? How apache web server is configured in Linux.
Ques3 what is FTP & DNS? How Name-Server is configured in Linux?
Ques4 Discuss SMTP & SNMP

Chapter 3

Ques1 Differentiate Connection oriented and Connection less.
Ques2 What is TCP? How TCP provides the reliable Data Transfer?
Ques3 Discuss Session Teardown, TCP flow control and TCP Congestion Control.
Ques4 Discuss UDP and its application.

Chapter 4
Ques1 What is IP addressing? Discuss all categorization of IP with its implementation and its notation.
Ques2 How can you provide best IP Solution in your own ideas (VLSM=>Variable Length of subnet masking)?
Ques3 What is autonomous system? Discuss its types.
Ques4 What are the types of Routing? Discuss the vector routing in brief
Ques5 What is RIP and how it can be configured in lab?
Ques6 What is Link State Routing?
Ques7 Discuss the advantages of IPV6?

Important ques

Ques1 Design an Intranet of corporate oragnz.
Ques2 Class B-Sunbnet, Valid ip, NA & BA
Ques3 What is vlan and Draw the simple diagram having two manageable switched and its configuration.
Ques4 What is security? Discuss the firewall

Guidelines for Internship Submissions

Guidelines for Internship Submissions

Required Submissions

Each student shall submit a soft-copy and one hard-copy of the following items to the OTM office:

1. Internship Report
2. Internship Poster

Please note the following:

1. Any additional copies will be made by OTM Office.
2. Invitations for review by external examiners will be handled by OTM office. Any additional copies required by external examiners will be provided by OTM office.
3. The schedule for making internship report presentations will be handled by OTM office

Internship Poster Guidelines

The poster shall be on A3 size paper, landscape orientation, and contain the following:

1. Title of project
2. Color background
3. Brief information about the internship topic’s issues, and findings or solutions
4. Student name and ID

Internship Report Guidelines

The report should contain the following sections:

A. Cover sheet (see example at the end of this document)
B. Acknowledgments
C. Table of contents
D. Executive summary
E. Body of report as follows:
1. Introducton
2. Detailed project works
i. Objective of the project
ii. Description of the project
iii. Methodology used to perform the project
iv. Results of the project
v. Discussion and findings
vi. Summary and conclusions
F. References
G. Appendices

Internship Report Style

The following writing requirements should be adhered to in the body of report:

• All figures and tables should be numbered in sequence following from 1. The caption for a table should be placed on top of the table, while the caption for a figure should be at the bottom of the figure.

Table 10. Bangkok temperature
Day Low High
Feb 21, 2009 21 30
Feb 23, 2009 23 35

• All equations should be numbered after the expression at right-most columns using bracket with number in the bracket.
• All tables and figures taken from other sources should be referenced (cited) as to their original sources.
• Citations should use bracket stating the author names and year, e.g., (Chiu and Smith, 1984).
• The text (12 font) should be typed in the format of ‘Justified’ which left and right ends of text at the beginning and end columns, except for the last word of sentences which can end at any column.
• Any other requirement for special case not mentioned herein such as ‘animation files, video, etc’ can be enclosed in the Appendix.
• Each section should be separated by a sheet indicating the section, except for the Acknowledgment and Table of Contents sections. Type in the middle of sheet the section title, such as ‘Section 1. Introduction’, ‘Section 2. Detailed Project Works’
• Submit one softcopy of the report and poster to OTM office at least three weeks before presentation day.

A student shall consult his or her thesis supervisor or advisor about the content of his or her internship report to ensure the quality of work in the report satisfies acceptance criteria.

If there is missing information, OTM office will solve the problem based on case by case and the guidelines will remain applicable before it is up-graded later.

Wanted PHP Programmer and Rupak Nepali is going to apply it

Proshore Nepal is a Nepali/Dutch ambitious web development/design company with offices in Kathmandu, the Netherlands and representatives in UK. The Nepali team will work in the web development field for customers in Europe & America.



Job Description



We are looking for an experienced PHP programmer who’s able to work independently on various projects for our clients in Europe and America.




Responsibilities



Ability to translate customer requirements into online applications with usage of the latest available online techniques.



Requirements & Qualifications



- Relevant Bachelor degree.

- Proven working experience.

- Excellent communications skills in English.

- Experienced in PHP / HTML / XHTML / JavaScript / XML /MySQL

- Must have knowledge of MVC frameworks like CodeIgnier or CakePHP.

- Experience with open source tools like Joomla,Drupal, Magento etc. would be added advantage

- Ability to meet deadlines.


- Ambitious to grow with us.





What we offer



- Challenging working environment

- Attractive salary.

- Health Insurance.

- Flexible working terms

- 5 working days.

- Excellent career opportunities



How to apply

If you would like to work in a team with high quality standards send your resume with portfolio including a focused letter to jobs@proshore.eu

Questions important for exam

What is .NET? Explain the two most important components of the .NET framework with a diagram. [7]

Write a windows application that has two TextBox controls taking input of numerator and denominator for division. While clicking “Divide” button, the result must be displayed on a Label. Give provisions for exceptions that might occur in the program. [8]

Explain ADO.NET with its new features. Write a program that connects to and disconnects from database and displays the connection state. [7]

Write a GDI+ application that draws string “WELCOME” with red brush and fills a circle of radius 20 using the same brush in a PictureBox control when a user clicks “Draw” button. [7]

What is the vision of .NET Technology? Do you believe that the vision is practical? If yes, what are the current features of .NET Technology that supports .NET vision?

Explain the structure of .NET Framework. How does managed code execute in the .NET framework? Describe with a diagram. 8

Write a console application in any .NET language that reads an array of integer numbers to count the number of odd and even numbers in the array and display the result.

Describe the Connection class used in ADO.NET. Use ADO.NET classes to connect to a database and find the total number of records in a particular table. 8

What is the solution provided by the .NET technology for the problems in the previous technologies of Microsoft? Explain with a diagram. 10

Explain Event Handling in .NET Windows Forms with examples. What are the event handlers used for Mouse and Keyboard events? 10

Write a code snippet to display the OpenFile dialog box, set its filter to BMP, JPG and GIF images only, and if the user clicks ok, the selected image should be set as the background image of the form.

Short Notes
a. Mouse Event Handling
b. Anchoring and Dockin
c. DataReader class in ADO.NET
d. OpenFileDialog