#) Explain about programming languages.

#) Explain about programming languages.
Programming Languages
Ans: A programming language is one which a computer programmer uses to express solution to a given problem so that it can be understood by a computer. There are many similarities between programming languages and speaking (natural) languages. Just as there are many speaking languages, like English, French, Nepali, so too there are many programming languages, like FORTRAN, Pascal, COBOL, Basic, PL/1 and C. Each programming language has its own grammatical (.syntax) rules which must be obeyed in order to write valid programs, just as a natural language has its own rules for forming sentences. And just as we can assign a meaning to an English sentence, say, each valid statement in a programming language has a specific meaning.
Let us suppose that we have written a program in the programming language C or QBASIC. We might think that the computer can understand and execute the statements, which make up the program C or QBASIC. However, this is not so, at least not directly. The program must first be translated into the (only) language which the computer can understand-this is called the machine language. The act of translating is part of a process called compiling. It is important to understand that the computer can only execute instructions, which are written in machine language. Thus no matter what programming language we use, it must first be translated into machine language before the computer can understand it.
Types of Language
1. Machine Language
When computers were first used, machine language was the only language available for writing programs. Machine language varies from one computer to another, but the basic principles are essentially the same. Everything one wishes to express in machine language is done using the binary number system. In order to illustrate the ideas involved, we will use a computer which has the following features:
a) Say 9999 words of memory, then it is numbered as 0 to 9998
b) A set of instructions, in which the computer can be programmed.
The fact is that a single human instruction to the computer is broken down into a series of simple steps. Computer instructions can be roughly classified as:
-instructions which move data from one word of memory to the next;
-instructions which move data between memory and the accumulator (where arithmetic can be done on it);
-instructions for performing the arithmetic operations ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY and DIVIDE;
-instructions for comparing two quantities;
-instructions for branching from one instruction to another, that is, for changing the normal order of executing instructions one after the other;
-instructions for performing input/output;
2. Assembly and low level languages
Assembly language is usually called a low-level programming language. We usually think of machine language, that is binary instructions, as the lowest-level programming language. Assembly language is a bit higher than machine language. Each computer has its own assembly language and it differs from computer to computer. Assembler translates or converts the program written in assembly language into machine code.
3. High level languages
The problem oriented languages rather than machine oriented languages are HLL. English words are used as instructions. Fortran and Cobol are the earliest and Pascal, PL/1, Basic, C are the popular. HLL are machine independent languages. A program is said to be portable if it can be used on other computers. Program written in HLL are portable

Q. Draw a block diagram of digital computer and describe each component in brief?

# Draw a block diagram of digital computer and describe each component in brief.
Ans: Computer system is an integrated work of Input unit, Processing unit and Output unit. Raw data given by input unit is processed by Central processing unit and the required out(information) is provided by output unit. The components of computer system are as:

Computer system
· Input unit: An input unit takes the input and converts it into binary form so that the computer can understand it. It is formed by input devices e. g keyboard, mouse, light- pen.
· Central Processing Unit : The brain of computer to execute programs and control the operation of other unitsComponents of CPU
§ MU(Register): It is primary storage and temporarily stores incoming data, intermediate data and final result of processing. It also stores instructions for a job
§ ALU: ALU performs mathematical calculation(+, -, X, / ), logical ( <, >, =, <=, >=, <>) operations. The result of logical operation is TRUE or False.
§ CU: The Control Unit controls and guides the interpretation, flow and manipulation of all data and information. CU sends control signals until the required operations are done properly by ALU and memory. It is responsible for timing and queue for data and instruction. CU gives command to transfer data from the input device ® memory ® ALU ® memory ® output device
CPU chip (processor)->MIPS->ALU + MU + CU =CPUOutput unit : The outcome of CPU is in the form of electronic binary signals is converted by Output unit that can be understood by human beings. VDU, printer, plotter etc are the devices for OU.

Explain about assembler and interpreter

Explain about assembler and interpreter
Ans:
Compiler: A program that translates source code into object code is known as compiler. It reads entire codes and converts into machine code, if it finds no mistake in the program. It also makes "exe" file so that the "exe" file executes without source code and its language program. Compiling is done at the end of program development
Interpreter: An interpreter translates high-level instructions into an intermediate form one statement at a time which it then executes. Every time program is executed, the interpreter interprets the code to machine. It is required to test the code at the stages of software development so it guides user.

Explain about computer memory

Explain about computer memory
Ans:Memory is a predefined working place, where data and information are kept for processing and it is cleared after the job is accomplished or as switched off. A bit is an elementary unit of the memory. It is also known as primary or main memory and the data is dump for future reference to secondary memory i.e. hard disk.
We need primary memory for
· Loading operating system
· Any program (application software) has to be loaded into RAM (Primary Memory) for execution
· Data and information is saved into RAM until it is finally saved into permanent memory.
ROM
· Semiconductor chip
· Non-volatile
· Set by manufacturers
· Contain micro programs or control instructions
· Responsible for starting computer
· Cannot be changed or written program
· Permanently attached to board
· PROM (User can reduce lengthy program to micro)
· EPROM (can be erased & reprogrammed)
· EEPROM (can be reprogrammed with special electrical pulses)
RAM
· Semiconductor chip
· Volatile
· Steady electricity supply
· Directly accessed by CPU(50nano sec)
· DRAM (for larger memory capacity, for very short time/refreshed, cheaper, 16 bytes or more is by it, a transistor on-off, a capacitor-storing electric charge)
· SRAM (data is retained till power on, high cost, higher speed as computer DRAM, more capacitors and transistors)
CACHE MEMORY
· between CPU & RAM
· Access time 10 nano sec
· Costlier than RAM
· less capacityto store data & instruction for immediate execution

example programs in C(read before copying)

write the header file by yourself

AP in C to display the information of a person
#include
#include
#include void main()
{
int ward_num=6; // 2 bytes 32767 to -32768
char sex='f'; // 1 byte single character 'f' or 'm'
char name[30]="Laxmi Prasad Devkota"; // string or array of string
float phone=4781698; // 4 bytes containing decimal/exponent
double num_of_cell_in_body=9999999999999999999999999999; //8 bytes
// the basic data types are int,char,float,double
// besides, the data type qualifers are short, long, signed
// and unsigned
// for example short int, long int, unsigned in
clrscr();
printf("\nname:=%s:",name);
printf("\nphone=%.0f",phone);
printf("\nsex=%c",sex);
printf("\nbody cell=%f",num_of_cell_in_body);
printf("\nWard=%d",ward_num);
getch();
}



#include
#include
void main()
{
int first,second,lcm;
/*finding L.C.M.*/
clrscr();
printf("Enter first number:");
scanf("%d",&first);
printf("Enter second number:");
scanf("%d",&second);
lcm=first;
do
{
if(lcm%first==0)
if(lcm%second==0)
break;
lcm++;
}while(1);
printf("\n\nL.C.M.=%d",lcm);
getch();
}

#include
void main()
{
int age[5],temp,pass, i;
printf(“Enter 5 elements:\n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++) pass="0;pass<4;pass++)" i="0;i<=">age[i+1])
{
temp=age[i];
age[i]=age[i+1];
age[i+1]=temp;
}
}
}
printf(“Sorted list:\n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)>
#include
void main()
{
int a,b,choice;
clrscr();
printf("Enter first numbe:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("Enter second number:");
scanf("%d",&b);
printf("\n\n\n\nChoose the number\n");
printf("\n1 for add\n2 for subtract\n3 for multiple\n4 for divide\n");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
printf("Sum=%d",a+b);
break;
case 2:
printf("Difference=%d",a-b);
break;
case 3:
printf("Product=%d",a*b);
break;
case 4:
printf("Quotient=%d",a/b);
break;
};
printf("\n Thank you");
getch();
}






#include
#include
void main()
{
int a,b,choice;
clrscr();
printf("Enter first numbe:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("Enter second number:");
scanf("%d",&b);
printf("\n\n\n\nChoose the number\n");
printf("\n1 for add\n2 for subtract\n3 for multiple\n4 for divide\n");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
printf("Sum=%d",a+b);
break;
case 2:
printf("Difference=%d",a-b);
break;
case 3:
printf("Product=%d",a*b);
break;
case 4:
printf("Quotient=%d",a/b);
break;
};
printf("\n Thank you");
getch();
}
#include
#include
#include
#include
void f1(int a);
int p=0;
void main()
{
int num;
//exit(1);
clrscr();
while(1)
{
printf("Enter only even number");
scanf("%d",&num);
if(num%2==0)
f1(num);
} }

void f1(int x )
{
int static y;
printf("\nthank u you number is %d",x);
y++;
if(y>5)
{
printf("\ntired!");
getch();
exit(1);
}
//clrscr();
}
1. Initialize or store roll, name and two subjects' marks of a student in a structure and display it.
#include
#include
void main()
{
struct mydatatype{
int roll;
char sname[20];
int comp,eng;
};
struct mydatatype student = { 1,"Ram",24,23 };
clrscr();
printf("\nYour information\n\n");
printf("\nRoll %d",student.roll);
printf("\nName %s",student.sname);
printf("\nComputer %d",student.comp);
printf("\nEnglish %d",student.eng);
getch();
}
2. Initialize or store roll, name and two subjects' marks of 3 students in a structure and display it.
#include
#include
void main()
{
int i;
struct mydatatype{
int roll;
char sname[20];
int comp,eng;
};
struct mydatatype student[] = { 1,"Ram",24,23,
2, "Seeta",21,12,
3, "Laxman", 12, 11,
};
clrscr();
printf("\nYour information\n\n");
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) { printf("\nRoll %d",student[i].roll); printf("\nName %s",student[i].sname); printf("\nComputer %d",student[i].comp); printf("\nEnglish %d",student[i].eng); } getch();} 3. Get roll, name and two subjects marks of n students in a structure and display it. #include
#include
void main()
{
int i,n;
struct mydatatype{
int roll;
char sname[20];
int comp,eng;
};
struct mydatatype student[80];
clrscr();
printf("\nHou many students?");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i$n;i++) //type < i="0;i$n;i++)//type" i="0;i<4;i++)" roll="i+1;" i="i-1;">
main()
{
int i;
struct exam
{
int prg;
int math;
};
struct exam subjcect;

struct info
{
char sname[20];
int phone;
};
struct info names;

struct details
{
int roll;
struct exam subject;
struct info names;
};
struct details students[4];
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<4;i++) roll="i+1;" i="i-1;">
#include
typedef struct
{
int h,m,s;
}TIME;
TIME calculater(TIME start, TIME stop,int check);
void main()
{
TIME start,stop,sum,diff;
int hh,mm,ss;
clrscr();
printf("Enter start time:\nHour:");
scanf("%d",&hh);
printf("\nMinutes:");
scanf("%d",&mm);
printf("\nSeconds:");
scanf("%d",&ss);
start.h=hh;
start.m=mm;
start.s=ss;
printf("Enter stop time:\nHour:");
scanf("%d",&hh) ;
printf("\nMinutes:");
scanf("%d",&mm);
printf("\nSeconds:");
scanf("%d",&ss);
stop.h=hh;
stop.m=mm;
stop.s=ss;
sum=calculater(start,stop,1);
printf("\nThe sum is\n");
printf("\n%dhh%dmm%dss",sum.h,sum.m,sum.s);
diff=calculater(start,stop,0);
printf("\nThe diff is\n");
printf("\n%dhh%dmm%dss",diff.h,diff.m,diff.s);
getch();
}
TIME calculater(TIME a, TIME b,int check)
{
TIME sum;
int x;
int temp;
if (check==1)
temp=a.h*3600+a.m*60+a.s+b.h*3600+b.m*60+b.s ;// meaning less to add
else
temp=((b.h*3600+b.m*60+b.s)-(a.h*3600+a.m*60+a.s)) ;

sum.s=temp%60;
temp/=60;
sum.m=temp%60;
sum.h=temp/60;
return sum;
}















































// Get roll, name and two subjects marks of n students in a structure and display it.
#include
#include
struct age
{
float y,m,d;
}dob,now,dif;
void main()
{
age cal(age birth, age now);
clrscr();
printf("Enter year,month and date of date of birth:");
scanf("%f",&dob.y);
scanf("%f",&dob.m);
scanf("%f",&dob.d);

printf("Enter year,month,and date of system date");
scanf("%f",&now.y);
scanf("%f",&now.m);
scanf("%f",&now.d);
dif=cal(dob,now);
printf("\nRequired Age:\n:%.0f:",dif.y);
printf(" year %.0f",dif.m);
printf(" month %.0f day",dif.d);
getch();
}
age cal(age x, age y)
{
float temp1,temp2;
temp1=(y.y*365+y.m*60+y.d)-(x.y*365+x.m*60+x.d);
temp2=temp1;
while (temp2>=30)
{ temp2-=30;};
dif.d=temp2;
temp2=temp1/30;
while(temp2>=12)
{temp2-=12;};
dif.m=temp2;
dif.y=temp1/360;
return (dif);
}









/* reorder a one dimensional, integer array from samllest to largest
using pointer notation*/
#include
#include
#include
void reorder(int n, int *x);
void main()
{
int i,n,*x;
clrscr();
printf("How many numbers wil be entered?");
scanf("%d",&n);
x=(int*) malloc(n*sizeof(int));
for(i=0;i$n;++i)//type < i="0;i$n;i++)//type" item="0;item$n-1;++item)//type" i="item+1;i$n;++i)//type" temp="*(x+item);">
#include
#include
void main()
{
FILE *ptr;
int num,i;
int identity,off_name,occu;
char name[10];
clrscr();
printf("How many reocrds?");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr=fopen("employee.dat","w");
for(i=0;i$num;i++)//type <>
#include
#include
void main()
{
FILE *ptr;
char c;
clrscr();
ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","w");
do
putc(toupper(c=getchar()),ptr);
while(c!='\n');
fclose(ptr);
}



































2} Write a program to read one line text from a data file.
#include
#include
#include
#define NULL 0
void main()
{
FILE *ptr;
char c;
clrscr();
if((ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","r"))==NULL)
printf("File not found.");
else
do
putchar(c=getc(ptr));
while(c!='\n');
fclose(ptr);
getch();
}
































3} Write a program to store n names in a data file.
#include
#include
#include
void main()
{
FILE *ptr;
int num,i;
char name[10];
clrscr();
printf("How many reocrds?");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","w");
for(i=0;i$num;i++)//type <>
#include
#include
#include
#define NULL 0
# define spac " "
void main()
{
FILE *ptr;
char c;
int i=0,j;
clrscr();
if((ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","r"))==NULL)
printf("File not found.");
else
do
{
c=getc(ptr);
if(c==',')
putchar('\n');
else
putchar(c);
if(c==' ')
j++;
i++;
}while(feof(ptr)==0);
fclose(ptr);
getch();






















5} }Write a program to append some names in an existing data file.
#include
#include
#include
#include
void main()
{
FILE *fptr;
char name[10],c;
clrscr();
fptr=fopen("myfile.txt","a");
do
{
printf("Name:");
scanf("%s",name);
fprintf(fptr,name);
fprintf(fptr,",");
printf("Press \"y\" to continue\n");
c=getche();
}while(toupper(c)=='\Y');
fclose(fptr);
}





























6} Write a program to create/append/disp data of a data file. Also use structure.
#include
#include
#include
# define null 0
struct info{
int roll;
char name[20];
char of_name[20];
char oc_name[20];

};
FILE *ptr;
void dispmenu();
void create(void);
void add(void);
info dispdata(void);
void main()
{
int choice;
info student;
repeat:
dispmenu();
scanf("%d",&choice);
if(choice<1>4)
goto repeat;
else if (choice==1)
create();
else if (choice==2)
add();
else if (choice==3)
{
clrscr();
if((ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","r"))==null)
printf("File not found.");
else
{
choice=0;
do
{
student=dispdata();
choice++;
printf("%d.%d",choice,student.roll);
printf("%s\n",student.name);
}while(feof(ptr)==0);
getch();
fclose(ptr);
}
}
else if(choice==4)
exit(1);
goto repeat;
}
void dispmenu()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n1.Create New File.\n2.Add(append)");
printf("\n3.Display\n4.Exit\nChoose 1 to 4");
}
void create()
{
info student;
ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","w");
clrscr();
printf("Roll:");
scanf("%d",&student.roll);
printf("name");
scanf("%s",student.name);
?????????????????
fprintf(ptr,"%d%s\n",student.roll,student.name);
fclose(ptr);
}
void add()
{
info student;
clrscr();
ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","a");
printf("Roll:");
scanf("%d",&student.roll);
printf("name:");
scanf("%s",student.name);
fprintf(ptr,"%d%s\n",student.roll,student.name);
fclose(ptr);
}
info dispdata()
{
info student;
{
fscanf(ptr,"%d",&student.roll);
fscanf(ptr,"%[^\n]",student.name);
return(student);
}
}









7} Get a phrase and print in alphabetical order.
#include
#include
#include
#define eol '\n'
void main()
{
char text[80],abc;
int i,j,k;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the text to display in alphabetical order\n");
for(i=0;(text[i]=getchar())!=eol;++i)
;
k=i-1;
printf("\n\n\n");
for(i=0;i$k;i++)//type < j="0;j$k;j++)//type" i="j;i" abc="text[j];">=0;--i)
putchar(text[i]);
getch();

}
Examples
#include
main()
{
FILE *buffer;
char text[20];
clrscr();
printf("Enter you name to store in data file: ");
scanf("%s",text);
buffer=fopen("txt.dat","w");
fprintf(buffer,text);
fclose(buffer);
/*see the text from dos */
}
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/#include
struct record
{
char name[20];
char address[20];
} student[5];

main()
{
FILE *buffer;
char fname[20];
int num,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the file name: ");
scanf("%s",fname);
buffer=fopen(fname,"a");
printf("How many students? ");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(i=1;i<=num;i++) { printf("Name: "); scanf("%s",student[i].name); printf("Address: "); scanf("%s",student[i].address); fprintf(buffer,student[i].name); fprintf(buffer,student[i].address); fprintf(buffer,"\n"); } fclose(buffer); } #include
#define finished 0
main()
{
FILE *buffer;
char filename[10];
char text[20];
clrscr();
printf("Enter existing data file name to read: ");
scanf("%s",filename);
if((buffer=fopen(filename,"r"))==finished)
printf("Wrong file name! ");
else
{
fscanf(buffer,"%s",text);
printf("%s",text);
}
getch();
fclose(buffer);
}































/*********PROJECT WORK**************/
/*Write a program to create/append/disp data of a data file.
Also use structure.*/
#include
#include
#include
#include
# define null 0
struct info{
int roll;
char name[20];
}student;
FILE *ptr,*ptr1;
void dispmenu();
void create(void);
void add(void);
void dispdata(void);
void disp_one(void);
void modify(void);
void del_one(void);
void del_all(void);
void main()
{
int choice;
repeat:
dispmenu();
scanf("%d",&choice);
if(choice<1>8)
goto repeat;
else if(choice==1)
create();
else if(choice==2)
add();
else if(choice==3)
dispdata();
else if(choice==4)
disp_one();
else if(choice==5)
modify();
else if(choice==6)
del_one();
else if(choice==7)
del_all();
else if(choice==8)
exit(1);
goto repeat;
}
void create()
{
ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","w");
clrscr();
printf("Roll:");
scanf("%d",&student.roll);
printf("name");
scanf("%s",student.name);
fprintf(ptr,"%d%s\n",student.roll,student.name);
fclose(ptr);
}
void add()
{
clrscr();
ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","a");
printf("Roll:");
scanf("%d",&student.roll);
printf("name:");
scanf("%s",student.name);
fprintf(ptr,"%d%s\n",student.roll,student.name);
fclose(ptr);
}
void dispdata()
{
clrscr();
if((ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","r"))==null)
printf("File not found.");
else
{
while(1)
{
fscanf(ptr,"%d",&student.roll);
fscanf(ptr,"%[^\n]",student.name);
if(student.roll==null)
break;
printf("%d ",student.roll);
printf("%s\n",student.name);
student.roll=null;
}
getch();
fclose(ptr);
}
}
void disp_one()
{
int roll;
clrscr();
if((ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","r"))==null)
printf("File not found.");
else
{
printf("Enter roll:");
scanf("%d",&roll);
do
{
fscanf(ptr,"%d",&student.roll);
fscanf(ptr,"%[^\n]",student.name);
if(roll==student.roll)
{
printf("%d ",student.roll);
printf("%s\n",student.name);
break;
}
}while(feof(ptr)==0);
getch();
fclose(ptr);
}
}
void modify()
{
int roll;char name[20];
clrscr();
if((ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","r"))==null)
printf("File not found.");
else
{
printf("Enter roll:");
scanf("%d",&roll);
printf("Enter name:");
scanf("%s",name);
ptr1=fopen("test","w");
do
{
fscanf(ptr,"%d",&student.roll);
fscanf(ptr,"%[^\n]",student.name);
if(roll==student.roll)
{
student.roll=roll;
strcpy(student.name,name);
}
fprintf(ptr1,"%d%s\n",student.roll,student.name);
}while(feof(ptr)==0);
getch();
fclose(ptr);
fclose(ptr1);
remove("myfile.dat");
rename("test","myfile.dat");
}
}
void del_one()
{
int roll;char name[20];
clrscr();
if((ptr=fopen("myfile.dat","r"))==null)
printf("File not found.");
else
{
printf("Enter roll:");
scanf("%d",&roll);
ptr1=fopen("test","w");
while(1)
{
fscanf(ptr,"%d",&student.roll);
fscanf(ptr,"%[^\n]",student.name);
if(student.roll==null)
break;
else if(student.roll==roll)
;
else
{
fprintf(ptr1,"%d%s\n",student.roll,student.name);
student.roll=0;
}
}
fclose(ptr);
fclose(ptr1);
remove("myfile.dat");
rename("test","myfile.dat");
}
}

void del_all()
{
remove("myfile.dat");
}
void dispmenu()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n1.Create New File.\n2.Add more(append)");
printf("\n3.Display all\n4.Disp particular");
printf("\n5.Modify one\n6.Delete one");
printf("\n7.Delete all\n8.Exit\nChoose 1 to 8 only");
}

Yarsagumba Yarchagumba cordyceps sinesis Himalayan Herbal Viagra

Yarshagumba: the caterpillar fungus

Nicknamed the "Himalayan Viagra", yarshagumba (Cordyceps sinensis) is a rare species of parasitic fungus from the highlands of Nepal, Tibet and Bhutan.

Yarshagumba
Cordyceps sinensis: (Yarshagumba) Yarshagumba
Venacular name: Yarsagumba, Jibanbuti
Family: Clavicipitaceae
Distribution: Sub-alpine to alpine region of Nepal
Habitat: Meadows

Yarsagumba with its Latin name cordyceps sinesis literally means summer plant and winter insect in Tibetan. Before the rainy season begins, spores of the cordyceps mushroom settle on the heads of caterpillars’ that lives underground. The fungus gets so much into the body of the caterpillars’ that it grows out through its head and drains all the energy from the insect and ultimately it dies.

Yarsagumba, Yarshagumba or Yarchagumba is a rare and unique herb that grows in the meadows above 3,500 meters (11,483 feet) in the Himalayan region of Nepal. There are various types of famous medicinal plants found in Nepal but the popularity of yarsagumba is simply overwhelming. For the last couple of years, the trade of yarsagumba is increasing and it has been regarded as an expensive life saving tonic. Headache, toothache or any other disease - yarsagumba is the remedy. And not only that, it is also believed to be a cure for sexual impotency – a Himalayan Herbal Viagra.

fig: people searching yarshagmba

Every year during May and June, thousands of villagers from remote areas risking their own lives head for high mountains to collect yarsagumba. It is estimated that one villager can earn up to Rs. 2,500 approximately to $35 a day by collecting yarsagumba which is beyond the monthly salary of many Nepalese households. Dolpa – a remote district in western Nepal with high steep valleys and dry climate is one of the foremost areas for collecting yarsagumba. Almost 50% of the annual supply of yarsagumba comes from Dolpa alone. Here, not only the adults but school goers also take unofficial holidays in search of the gold rush.

The Himalayan region of Nepal is famous for different types of medicinal plants. Yarshagumba is one of them. The literal meaning of Yarshagumba is summer plants, winter insect. Yarshagumba is currently very popular due to its use as aphrodisiac (sex stimulant) and tonic. Hence its collection and trade is increasing. Considering its importance, the Department of Plant Resources included a programme named as "Study of Yarshagumba in the natural habitat" in its overall programmes. Yarshgumba in Dolpa district. They covered the natural extent of distribution between 2800-4500 meters.

Details of field based information:
Occurrence : 2800-4500 meters
Availability : 2500 plants per hectare
Soil quality : pH 7-7.5
Associated plants : Rhododendron anthopogon, Anemone sp., Anaphalis sp.,Carese sp., etc.
Collection time: April/May – June/July
Germination time : April – June/July
Weight : 0.3 to 0.5 gm. per plant
Resercah need: The Department is attempting to culture fungus from spores on the Yarshagumba

Yarshagumba trade
Yarsagumba collection in Bajhang-Nepal Himalaya
FUGs are now responsible for collecting entry charges from harvesters (NRs. 100 per collector) and a further conservation charge (NRs. 5,000 per kg) is levied. In the first year alone, the groups collected over NR800,000 (US$12,500). Following initial difficulties in collecting the charges, the FUGs set up four teams of younger group members to guard the entry points to the harvesting areas and enforce the fees. The fee income has been used to develop a micro-hydropower plant, benefiting all three FUGs.
Selling Yarshagumba tonic without any side effects
Yarshagumba (sex tonic) is currently very popular due to its use as aphrodisiac (sex stimulant) and tonic.

Known benefits and it is also use for

1) Asthma, allergic rhinitis* -poor renal function, renal injuries by chemicals** -chronic bronchitis, coughing
2)poor resistance of respiratory tract, catching flu easily -regulating blood pressure (high or low blood pressure)
3)Anti-aging, weakness: - the declining of sex drive -lowering raised blood lipid levels, strengthening the body's immunity
4)Poor function of lungs & kidneys, irregular menstruation
5)Ever heard anything about natural healthy warrior!

We mean you can fight with tiredness stand youth with the harmony of nature.

The New York journal of medicine reported that cordyceps has properties similar to ginseng, being used to strengthen the body after exhaustion or long term illness. It has traditionally been used for impotence, backache, to increase sperm production and to increase blood production. It is used specifically for excess tiredness, chronic cough and asthma, impotence, debility, anemia, to build the bone marrow and reduce excess phlegm.

FUNNY QUESTION AND ANSWER

What does it mean when the Easter Bunny arrives one day late with melted candy?
He probably had a bad hare day.
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How does a rabbit make gold soup?
He begins with 24 carrots.
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What do you get when you pour boiling hot water down a rabbit hole?
Hot cross bunnies.
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Why did God make only one Yogi Bear?
Because when he tried to make a second one he made a boo-boo.
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What's the best way to make a bull sweat?
Give him a tight jersey.
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Laughing stock -- cattle with a sense of humor
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all kinds of funny animals jokes

http://funnyanimaljokes.blogspot.com

HAPPY VALENTINE -2009

Dear sweetheart
I will luv u like this forever. Hope you do the same. Lets believe in
god and wait for the right time to come.
You don't know how you make me feel each time I see you online or
offline. I wait for only you all day. You are always in my mind and
heart. I feel your presence with me though we are too far away from
each other. We came so close to each other in such a short time, I
truly think we must have known each other in another lifetime. You have
shared your soul to me & I have shared mine with you. While writing
this I have so much emotions inside me that I feel like crying because
I miss you so much. I feel so happy and complete even in our silences.
I feel I am connected to you through my soul. Your caring attitude,
thoughtfulness & sweet personality has captured my heart and for that I
am so grateful to you. All I know is wherever life takes us I hope
you'll always know how much I thank Babaji for bringing you into my
life:)
Hugz forever


To the one that got away
Happy valentines day! I wish things had turned out different and you
had realized giving me a second chance. I can't just turn my feelings
off. I will always remember the good times we had over the year,
especially the trip to Florida. I'm sorry I had issues, and didn't
handle my surgery and rehab well. I realized now that you were trying
to be there for me.

To my sweetest darling
Thanks for making my life so beautiful and colorful!!
Always remember I Love U the Most!
Only your's I've realized I need to become more like I was 5-10 years ago. When you
left I remember thinking "Why didn't she say she wants to get back with
me?" realizing that now, I flip it over and think, "Why didn't I say I
want to get back with Corinne". That is why I say I'm sorry. I've
realized I can love, and be loved.
I'll remember you forever.
May all the lovers across the world get the love of their life. Happy
Valentine's Day to all!! Cheers

FUNNY MONKEY JOKES ( ANIMAL JOKES)

Funny Monkeys Joke #1:

A young pet monkey had an accident and needed a brain transplant. The veterinarian told the monkey's human family...
"Brains are very expensive, and you will have to pay the cost yourselves."

"Well, how much does a brain cost?" asked the family.

"For a male brain, $500,000. For a female brain, $200,000," replied the vet.

All the men in the family nodded because they thought they understood. But the mother was unsatisfied and asked...
"Why the difference in price between male and female brains?"

"Standard pricing practice," said the vet.
"The female brains have to be marked down because they’ve actually been used!”



Funny Monkeys Joke #2:

A tourist walked into a pet shop and was looking at the animals on display. While he was there, another customer walked in and said to the shopkeeper...
"I'll have a C monkey please."

The shopkeeper nodded, went over to a cage at the side of the shop and took out a monkey. He fitted a collar and leash, handed to the customer, saying...
"That'll be $5,000."

The customer paid and walked out with his monkey. Startled, the tourist went over to the shopkeeper and said...
"That was a very expensive monkey. Most of them are only a few hundred pounds. Why did it cost so much?"

The shopkeeper answered, "Ah, that monkey can program in C - very fast, tight code, no bugs, well worth the money."

The tourist looked at a monkey in another cage. "Hey, that one's even more expensive! $10,000! What does it do?"

"Oh, that one's a C++ monkey; it can manage object-oriented programming, Visual C++, even some Java All the really useful stuff," said the shopkeeper.

The tourist looked around for a little longer and saw a third monkey in a cage of its own. The price tag around its neck read $50,000. The tourist gasped to the shopkeeper...
"That one costs more than all the others put together! What on earth does it do?"

The shopkeeper replied, "Well, I haven't actually seen it do anything, but it says it's a project manager".



Funny Monkeys Joke #3:

A woman got on a bus holding a baby. The bus driver said...
"That's the ugliest baby I've ever seen!"

In a huff, the woman slammed her fare into the fare box and took an aisle seat near the rear of the bus. The man seated next to her sensed that she was agitated and asked her what was wrong.

"The bus driver insulted me," she fumed.

The man sympathized with her and said, "Why, he's a public servant and shouldn't say things to insult passengers."

"You're right," she said. "I think I'll go back up there and give him a piece of my mind."

"That's a good idea," the man said. "Here, let me hold your monkey."



Funny Monkeys Joke #4:

A three-year-old boy fell eighteen feet into a zoo enclosure containing seven gorillas. He was immediately rescued, not by zookeepers, but by one of the animals.
The 150 lb. female gorilla picked up the unconscious form of the boy and laid it at a door to be easily retrieved to by zookeepers.

This cross-species rescue has resulted in thousands of dollars in donations to the zoo.
It is perhaps because of these donations that zookeepers have kept quiet about one vital detail, a hastily scrawled note tucked in the boy's collar...

"Thanks; but we prefer fruit."



Funny Monkeys Joke #5:

Your monkey plays chess?
He must be clever!

Not really, I usually beat him three times out of four!

......... ???!@#!$@#$!!!$%@!



Funny Monkeys Joke #6:
A police officer came upon a terrible wreck where the driver and passenger had been killed. As he looked upon the wreckage a little monkey came out of the brush and hopped around the crashed car.

The officer looked down at the monkey and said...
"I wish you could talk."
The monkey looked up at the officer and shook his head up and down.

"You can understand what I'm saying?" asked the officer.
Again, the monkey shook his head up and down.

"Well, did you see this?"

"Yes," motioned the monkey.

"What happened?"

The monkey pretended to have a can in his hand and turned it up by his mouth.

"They were drinking?" asked the officer.

"Yes," nodded the Monkey.

"What else?" asked the officer.

The monkey pinched his fingers together and held them to his mouth, sucking inward quickly.

"They were smoking marijuana too?" said the officer.

"Yes," nodded the Monkey.

"What else?" queried the officer.

The monkey motioned with his fingers...

“Having sex! They were having sex, too!?" asked the astounded officer.

"Yes," nodded the monkey.

"Now wait, you're saying your owners were drinking, smoking and having sex before they wrecked?"

"Yes," the Monkey nodded.

"What were you doing during all this?" asked the Officer.

"Driving," motioned the monkey.



Funny Monkeys Joke #7:

Once upon a time, there lived a poor hat seller in a small village in India. He earned his livelihood stitching hats and selling them in the neighboring villages. Once when going to another village through a forest, he fell asleep under a tree.
When he woke up, he was surprised to find his basket empty and all the hats missing. Then he noticed a troop of monkeys sitting in the tree wearing his hats. He came up with a brilliant idea to retrieve his hats. He lifted the hat on his head and threw it to the ground. Out of their aping habits the monkeys followed suit. The hat seller then collected all the hats and triumphantly proceeded to the market.

As the years pass by, the hat seller has a grandson who too ends up being a hat seller. One day he has to pass through the same forest to sell hats in the village on the other side. As he is leaving, his grandpa tells him of the monkeys and how he outsmarted them and warns the grandson to be careful in the forest and remember his grandpa's trick if the monkeys cause any trouble.

So the grandson sets forth on his journey. While passing through the forest, he gets tired and falls asleep to wake up and find the basket empty and all the hats gone. Then he notices the monkeys on the tree wearing the hats.

Smiling to himself he says, "Aha! I know how to deal with this. I'll use my grandpa's trick!”

So he hurls his hat to the ground expecting the monkeys to do the same. All this time, there is a young hatless monkey sitting in the tree.
This monkey jumps down from the tree, quickly picks up the grandson's hat and puts it on his head. Then as he is scampering away, he says to the grandson sarcastically:

"HA! HA! DID YOU THINK ONLY HUMANS HAVE A GRANDPA!?"


Funny Monkeys Joke #8:

A monkey walks into a drugstore and orders a fifty-cent sundae. He puts down a ten-dollar bill to pay for it.

The clerk thinks, "What can a monkey know about money?"

So he hands back a single dollar in change and says, "You know, we don't get many monkeys in here."

"No wonder," answers the monkey, "At these prices you won't get many more."